Why Pay Contest Entry Fees

Why Pay Contest Entry Fees I got this email from a peruser this week: I see a passage that may work for me, yet then the distribution demands $10, $20, and now and again more to participate in the challenge. Â Many times I simply pass. For what reason would it be a good idea for us to pay to introduce our work? Until this point in time, I have paid a couple, however by and large I scoff at anything over $10. My quick reaction is this: Would you subsidize a challenge out of your pocket and would you work for nothing? A few challenges don't charge an expense, yet they are a small minority of the challenges out there. Why? Since they have the monetary methods or the sponsorship to abstain from requesting charges. Be that as it may, most challenges don't have that extravagance. Challenges are not modest to run. I ran a challenge for a long time and offered a no section charge classification and a passage expense classification. To come to a meaningful conclusion, I gave the victor of the non-section charge classification a major $50 first prize, at that point I gave the champ of the passage expense classification a major $500 first prize. When thinking about challenges, and asking why you need to pay a section charge, think about the expenses of the challenge supplier: 1) The prize cash. No element has no-limit pockets. The cash needs to originate from some place, and why not section expenses? 2) The appointed authorities. In the event that the challenge needs a respectable appointed authority (or a few), at that point they need to hack up the cash to pay said judge(s). No essayist should work for nothing, to incorporate the authors who fill in as challenge judges. 3) The promoting. Youve never head about a challenge on the off chance that it was not promoted. FundsforWriters acknowledged cash from challenges that need to more than once advance their opposition. That cash needs to originate from some place. 4) The distributing. Huge numbers of the challenges give distribution. Regardless of whether on the web or in print (particularly in print), there are costs. I would say, the challenges that order passage expenses typically procure the best work. The challenge I ran was an investigation with the outcomes being as I anticipated. The nature of composing improved in the section charge class. At the point when scholars had nothing to chance and paid no passage expense, the composing quality sank terribly. It wasnt really close. That reality alone can legitimize a challenge charging a passage expense. To be perfectly honest, in the event that I see a challenge that charges no passage expense, I delve into them more, chasing how they bear to support the opposition. What's more, I even miracle why they are not utilizing the salary stream gave Pay the section expense. The challenge supplier genuinely has the privilege and need to charge. Furthermore, youll present a superior quality item.

John Ruskin Example For Students

What is the PDA Psychometric Test? PDA is a psychometric test that through a basic, exact and logical technique permits us to find and dissect people’s social profiles. It likewise permits us to assess the social prerequisites of a vocation and create point by point compatibilities that apply to the diverse Human Resources forms. The PDA test doesn't qualify conduct profiles as â€Å"good or bad†; it portrays the assessed individual’s social attributes. We will compose a custom article test on A Description of the PDA Psychometric Test or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now On account of creating an investigation of compatibilities between an individual and an expected set of responsibilities, it essentially portrays and gives subtleties on the qualities and shortcomings. Back to Menu Who utilizes the PDA test? This psychometric assessment can be gainful to: * People: so as to comprehend their qualities and shortcomings to show signs of improvement work, to turn out to be better at their present place of employment, to improve their relationship with partners, bosses and additionally/associates. * Entities: to recognize, create or potentially hold ability. This apparatus is used by the greater part of the main organizations positioned on Great Place to Work. * HR counseling elements: Incorporate another item into your portfolio, increase the value of your administrations, and create counseling ventures dependent on the psychometric conduct test. Back to Menu What data does the PDA give? Through the PDA psychometric test ou can rapidly go online to acquire: * A person’s social profile depiction, enumerating (press here to see a model): o Leadership style o Decision-production style o How to lead this individual to progress o Persuasive aptitudes o Analytical abilities o Sales abilities o Motivation level o Main aptitudes and qualities o Areas of progress * Individual and/or bunch similarity between at least one people and an occupation. Individual as well as gathering similarity between at least one people and your company’s capabilities. Back to Menu How does the PDA Report add to the expert development and advancement of a person? The total PDA report will assist you with knowing yourself better and to distinguish what are your fundamental qualities and shortcomings. Simultaneously, it’ll permit you to dispassionately recognize the abilities you have to expand your latent capacity. In the event that you are at present meeting or searching for a superior activity, the total PDA report will help you to†¦ †¢ Research deliberately Interview effectively †¢ Emphasize aptitudes and qualities †¢ Feel certain †¢ Find an occupation that coordinates your â€Å"natural† attributes †¢ †¦other benefits â€Å"From all the conceivable information, the more astute and increasingly valuable is to know yourself† †William Shakespeare. On the off chance that you are at present working, the total PDA report will help you to†¦: †¢ Understand and improve your administration abilities †¢ Effectively build up your aptitudes and qualities †¢ Improve your relationship with your associates †¢ Plan personal growth †¢ Understand challenges with colleagues †¢ †¦ among numerous different advantages The way to haggle with others viably is to oversee you first. The better you know yourself, the better you can identify with others, from a sure, secure and solid position† †Hendrie Weisinger. Back to Menu Does the PDA have hypothetical help? The PDA test is an amazing asset with over 50 years of studies dependent on various hypotheses and insights. It is ensured for its application in Latin America. The PDA test depends on a model with 5 columns that measure the accompanying measurements and their forces: †¢ Results situated †¢ People and arrangement situated Details situated †¢ Conformity to Rules †¢ Autocontrole emocional The PDA test depends on the accompanying hypotheses: 1) William Moulton Marston’s character structure 2) Self consistency hypothesis 3) Perception Theory 4) Semantic Study Back to Menu Similarities and contrasts with Disk Many assessment instruments depend on the ideas of Emotions of Normal People created by Marston. These instruments were made with accentuation on the points of interest and advantages that such strategies added to the military a nd workplace. The first produced devices were called â€Å"pure† (PDA). From its first applications the device showed its huge commitment because of the amount and nature of data. Be that as it may, the procedure was very moderate and complex. It would take 2 hours from the second the individual completed the assessment until the expert had the option to create the outcomes. In the late 60’s, Dr John Greier, from University of Minnesota, altered Marston’s model with the goal to streamline the procedure and that was the start of what we realize today as Disk-Which is just a rearrangements of Marston’s model. Greier’s streamlined adaptation changed the first survey and despite the fact that the procedure set aside less effort to decipher the outcome, a great part of the important data was lost. A portion of the key data missing from Greier’s model is: †¢ Intensity Axis: Measures the force of each social propensity. †¢ Profile force: Measures how â€Å"faithful† the assessed individual is to their conduct. It surveys the adaptability/unbending nature level of the individual assessed. †¢ Energy level: Measures the degree of vitality accessible. Gives better comprehension of the inspiration and anxiety. Consistency indicator:Measures the information’s consistency and quality level. †¢ Self control Axis: the fifth pivot gauges the individual’s ability to control driving forces and feelings, identified with â€Å"Emotional Intelligence†. As of now in the 90’s, with the chance of each Human Resources worker having their own PC , web association, and the likelihood to systemize the way toward stacking the structures and consequently giving charts and reports, restored the numerous advantages that the â€Å"pure† devices offered to organizations over the improvements gave by the Disk model.. Instructions to refer to A Description of the PDA Psychometric Test, Essays

English Paper One Example free essay sample

Moreover the activities and feelings of the hero and his sister shows the enormous trepidation and appreciation experienced all through the content. In this entry, the depiction of characters assumes and critical job since it illuminates the abhorrent character of the aggressors and the sort and accommodating nature of Mr. Bapu the tycoon who protects the hero and his sister Deepa. Since this story is told from a first individual point of view different characters are experienced through the brain of the hero. By giving an extremely exact portrayal of these characters, the writer has invoked an entirely convincing comprehension of how these characters are seen by the hero, which in term, makes the dread felt by these characters considerably more genuine to the peruser. A case of this is the â€Å"terrifying, ridiculous squeal† (6) that is heard by the kin as the aggressors encompass them. This depiction of sound gives an extremely wild and crude thought of the aggressors. Moreover, the â€Å"howling of wild dogs† (8) likewise includes this unnerving picture of the aggressors. This in term makes the fear experienced by the heroes truly justifiable and genuine to the peruser. Then again, the character of Mr. Bapu is portrayed in a totally extraordinary way which features his kindhearted character. He is depicted as a tycoon who wouldn't fret conversing with his staff (28), yet in addition â€Å"cut for Deepa a red rose. †(29), a demonstration which actuates the sentiment of worship for Mr. Bapu by both the peruser and the heroes. It is the differentiation in depiction of Mr. Bapu and the muggers that conjures the possibility of companions and foes which is later tended to toward the finish of the section. The setting in this concentrate assumes an essential job setting up the state of mind. This in term significantly helps the reader’s comprehension of the heroes fear and mitigate. The entry begins with the depiction of a â€Å"mosque stood transcending in all its grandeur† with â€Å"a splendid arrangement of brightening lights† (3). This setting presents an uncomfortable state of mind since the structure was â€Å"towering† over the two kin. With this comes the sentiment of helplessness which is later exhibited when they are assaulted. The setting further ascribes to the sentiment of disarray and being encircled when Deepa and her sibling attempt to run â€Å"backwards, sideways, advances again† (12) like going through a labyrinth without an exit. Which is portrayed as a â€Å"horrifying checkmate† (13), likewise including onto the sentiment of being caught, making is entirely justifiable that the heroes are freezing. Later in the entry, the setting is again used to give an away from of the character Mr. Bapu. The morning after the kin were saved by him they wake up in the place of the mogul and stroll through his nursery. This is portrayed as being â€Å"quite wonderful† (27) and appears to have red roses, these both unmistakably restrict the nighttime setting of the prior night. This extends the differentiation between the aggressors and Mr. Bapu since the two settings raise totally various states of mind. The daily setting of the lanes include of the wild like persona of the muggers, while the rose nursery stresses the generous idea of Mr. Bapu. This again includes onto the possibility of the distinction among companions and foes and the way that these are molded in the brain. In conclusion, another viewpoint that extraordinarily upgrades the experience of the peruser is the conduct and feelings communicated by the hero and his sister. The content beginnings off with â€Å"a tremor in my sister’s arm. † (1). This sentence is accentuated by its brevity and it being on a different line. This quickly invokes a strained state of mind and catches the eye of the peruser. At the point when the two kin first face their assailants they â€Å"froze in our tracks† (7), this sells out their stun and dread to the peruser. The two at that point run for their lives like a prey attempting to get away from its tracker. This scene the two adds strain and energy to the story. The heroes are then assuaged and amazed by the appearance of the â€Å"white Mercedes† (14) of Mr. Bapu. The whiteness Mercedes being a distinct difference to the nighttime idea of the assailants. After the real assault, the story particularly depends on the contemplations of the heroes. He portrays the assault as a â€Å"terror-filled eternity† (32). This explains the hatred of the heroes towards the aggressors. He afterward depicts Mr. Bapu as â€Å"preserved in amber†, giving the peruser a comprehension of the protagonist’s kind picture of the mogul. These are instances of the feelings and considerations of the hero, helping the peruser comprehend different characters in the content. This is additionally done by giving a touch of foundation on the heroes giving a comprehension of the attackers’ reasons. This likewise includes a topic of segregation between social gatherings. Since the muggers appear to assault because of the heroes foundation. Taking everything into account, with the utilization of the setting, character depiction and the contemplations of the heroes an exceptionally clear differentiation between the aggressors and Mr. Bapu has been set up. One being viewed as the exemplification of shrewdness and the different as unadulterated consideration. This complexity is critical to comprehend when perusing the last piece of the entry in which the focal topic is clarified. Here the protagonist’s uncle clarifies how foes and companions are molded in the brain. Here, the peruser can comprehend that the heroes was glancing back at a past occasion all through the entry and it turns out to be exceptionally clear why the assailants have been depicted in a malevolent manner rather than Mr. Bapu. This story is hence a great case of how the brain can frame its own picture of adversaries and companions just including the negative or positive rather than both.

History behind Frankenstein Essay -- Mary Shelley

Mary Shelley, a Romance writer, started composing during the time of the French Revolution (1789-1799). Individuals from the Revolution accepted that the couple of people who were driving them were going to change the world. After the wars that followed the French Revolution had incurred significant damage, it became obvious that these pioneers couldn't prevail with regards to looking after power. The hundreds that tailed them had to acknowledge relinquishment by their pioneers and another request. Shelley’s first novel, Frankenstein, communicates this frustration that was experienced without anyone else and people around her. In this novel a youthful scientist’s narrow minded desire turns into the destruction of his reality, â€Å"Learn from me, if not by my statutes, at any rate by my model, how perilous is the obtaining of information, and how much more joyful that man is who accepts his local town to be the world, than he who tries to get more prominent than his inclination will allow† (p. 48). Frankenstein is an anecdotal tale about a youngster who makes a human. He makes this animal with the physical properties of a man, eyes, ears, mouth, mind, and the faculties. Victor’s inspiration was close to home glorification, â€Å"A new species would favor me as its maker and source, numerous upbeat and brilliant natures would owe their being to me†p.49. Likewise the progressives looked for differentiation in the formation of another request or country. Not long after its introduction to the world, in any case, Victor deserts his creation in light of his failure to acknowledge the obligation that accompanied finishing. This is like the pioneers of the unrest in Shelley’s time. They started an incredible development that guaranteed greatness, yet which they couldn't control. The consequence of their surrender caused demise in the wars that followed. As the sto... ...apse of the French Revolution, without administration it couldn't be effective. There had been no compromise and it had withered away among dissipated wars. Frankenstein appears to speak to an incomplete story to an incomplete segment of Shelley’s life. She was unable to compose a conclusion to her upset in light of the fact that the French Revolution had broken down into an unrecognizable thought. I would not just sort Frankenstein as a sci-fi novel. Mary Shelley was composing on her life and times. She and other Romance journalists were affected by the smash of the French Revolution and the high beliefs which it guaranteed. These mistake are apparent in Frankenstein as Victor Frankenstein makes, forsakes, and is in the long run obliterated by his narrow minded aspiration, just like the progressives. Works Cited Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein http://www.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/frank.comment1.html

Alive essays

Alive expositions Alive, by Piers Paul Read, is the account of how a Uruguayan rugby crew and their companions who made due for ten weeks in the Andes after their sanctioned plane to Chile smashed. The plane took off on October 12, 1972, from Montevideo for Santiago. Reports of awful climate in the Andes brought the plane down in Mendoza, a little Argentinean town near the Andes. The young men were baffled; be that as it may, the following day the climate cleared so the plane took off for the Planchon Pass toward the south. The flight was standard and the environment loose until the pilot moved in the direction of the north to Santiago, Chile. Before long, the plane hit an air pocket and plunged a few hundred feet. There was anxious kidding in the lodge until the plane hit a subsequent air pocket that brought it out of the mists. The genuine frenzy hit when the view out the windows was not the lavish green valleys of Chile but rather of a rough mountain ten feet from the wing. The wing hit the mountai n, severed, and flipped over the body of the plane, removing the tail. The plane at that point dove to the ground. Notwithstanding, rather than crushing into the stones, it arrived on its midsection and slid down the valley like a toboggan. Albeit thirty-two out of the first forty-five travelers endure the accident, just twenty-seven endure the night. Before long the survivors became powerless in light of the fact that they just got one square of chocolate and a capful of wine a day. At long last, on the tenth day, the strict discussion about whether or not to eat the dead bodies was at last examined. Despite the fact that everybody concluded that it was the privilege and just activity, a few couldn't move beyond the physical shock. When it became clear that there would be no salvage, the rare sorts of people who had recently denied now took their first pieces. After they had recaptured their quality, three young men set out to discover the tail for additional provisions. The trip w as difficult, and they hadnt arranged their apparatus adequately. Thusly, they... <!

Books for Hippies and Celebrating Your Inner Flower Child

Books for Hippies and Celebrating Your Inner Flower Child Some of these books for your inner flower child are from the 1960sâ€"70s, and some are just about shirking convention in search of a radical, counter-cultural lifestyle. If youre interested in  hippies, folk singers, Haight-Ashbury, poetry, free love, Woodstock, living off the land, and environmentalism, this list is for you, flower child! Farm City by Novella Carpenter Novella Carpenter is the daughter of two hippies who raised her to live off the landâ€"and yet she loves cities and urban life. She loves the energy, the community, and the eclectic individuals. That’s how she finds herself in a run-down part of Oakland combining her loves of farm and city. Novella starts a full-on urban farm in an abandoned lot behind her house. It’s complete with vegetables, chickens, turkeys, ducks, rabbits, bees, and pigs. Farm City a wonderful and unique memoir full of wild stories, and I bet it will make you want to grow some of your own food! Daisy Jones the Six by Taylor Jenkins Reid I recently wrote about this one in the Riot Roundup: The Best Book We Read Aprilâ€"June 2019. I thought it was incredible! It’s the story of 1970s rock n’ roll stars on their rise to fame. The Six is a rock band led by Billy Dunne, and Daisy Jones is a magnetic singer-songwriter. A producer discovers that Daisy and Billy are a magical duo, and pushes them together with legendary results. The book is told in retrospective as an oral history interview. It’s a great reflection on celebrity and rock n’ roll, plus it’s just a wild good timeâ€"everywhere Daisy Jones The Six goes is a party! Hippie by Paulo Coelho Hippie is most obviously a book about the flower child generation. Thought to be Coelho’s most autobiographical novel, it’s about a young Brazilian man, Paulo, who wants to spend his youth living free, writing, and traveling the world. He rides trains and hitchhikes through Bolivia, Peru, Chile, and Argentina. Then he heads to Amsterdam where he meets Karla, another free spirit, who convinces him to ride “The Magic Bus” (a literal bus) with her to Nepal. This is a book of free love and adventure, of long-haired hippies and travel. It’s a fun read that will totally immerse you in this world. Reckless Daughter: A Portrait of Joni Mitchell by David Yaffe This is an excellent and thorough biography of Joni Mitchell, the queen of folk and Laurel Canyon. It has all the good stories you would want from a Joni Mitchell biography, including Joni teaching herself to play guitar, and the inspiration behind various songs and lyrics. It puts a lot of attention on her famous relationships, those with the likes of Leonard Cohen, David Crosby, Graham Nash, James Taylor, and Jackson Browne, to name a few. While it largely focuses on Joni Mitchell’s life and her artistry, it’s also about the era. It covers the moment “Big Yellow Taxi” got famous, Mitchell touring with Joan Baez and Bob Dylan, and her woes about missing out on Woodstock.  It’s a loving biography that fans of Joni Mitchell and lovers of this era will adore. Arcadia by Lauren Groff Arcadia takes place in the 1960s in western New York State at a hippie commune. It’s narrated by Bit, the first child born at the commune. The hippies try to establish a utopian society and live off the land, but through Bit’s childish eyes we see the beautiful and the terrible of this world they create. This book is fantastically rendered and Groff’s prose is, as always, hypnotically beautiful. The Sun and Her Flowers by Rupi Kaur Though she’s of a completely different generation, Rupi Kaur’s second poetry collection deals with a lot of the same themes as art from the 1960sâ€"70s. She reflects on feminism, love, freedom, healing, journeys, and, finally, blooming. She’s like a beloved lyricist or folk singer in that she writes poems that will speak to the heart. Slouching Towards Bethlehem by Joan Didion Published in 1968, Slouching Towards Bethlehem is an immediate and visceral account of Didion’s experiences in California in the 1960s. Its a journalistic account of Haight-Ashbury, the counterculture, drugs, and sociopolitical issues. Reading it is like stepping back into history, and it’s a wonderful place to start with Didion. The Girls by Emma Cline It’s the late 1960s and Evie is a lonely angsty teenager when she spots a group of girls a few years older than she is hanging out in the park. These girls have an aura of freedom and abandon that attracts Evie instantly. Their hair is long, their dresses are unkempt, their feet are bare, and Evie is convinced they’re having a more fun and exciting life than she is. She gets drawn into the world of these mysterious girls, and it leads to Evie falling in with an infamous and violent cult. The story is straight from the headlines of the darker side of the 1960s. HOWL by Allen Ginsberg Though a bit early on the timeline, this is still a quintessential text for the hippie generation. It’s emblematic of postâ€"World War II era anxieties about societal values and calls for change that were surely coming about in the 1960s. It was published in 1956 and immediately became one of the most controversial banned books of modern American literature. It faced an obscenity trial, and brought forward conversations about free speech, protest, sexuality, and radicalismâ€"and what’s more hippie than that? salt. by Nayyirah Waheed A meditative collection of micropoems, salt.  speaks straight to the core of the soul. It deals with nature, sensitivity, humanity, and self love. It’s beautifully written, thought-provoking, and it will make you feel a million emotions. Zen Mind, Beginners Mind by Shunryu Suzuki First published in 1970,  Zen Mind, Beginners Mind is a book of transcriptions of lectures given by Shunryu Suzuki, a monk and teacher who helped to popularize Zen Buddhism in the United States. Many recommend it as a good starter book on Zen concepts and spirituality. The Lorax by Dr. Seuss Before the climate emergency hit the headlines, we had The Lorax. In this famous childrens book, Dr. Seuss warns against progress for the sake of progress, for fear it will destroy Mother Earth. Even though environmental destruction has long been an issue people are oblivious about, it did gain some attention in the 1970s with the founding of Earth Day. The Lorax followed shortly after, and I’m sorry to say it is still incredibly relevant today. Van Life: Your Home on the Road by Foster Huntington Perhaps the millennial version of hippies hitchhiking the world is the van life movement. This book is literally about a community of people who live in their vans (Volkswagens, school buses, and the like) and travel the world. It’s full of beautiful photography of converted vehicles, camping locations, and life on the road. It’s inspirational, and it showcases a new idea of what freedom and adventure means. There are tons of books out there on the counterculture and hippies, so treat this list as a jumping off point for connecting with your inner flower child.

College Summer Programs

College Summer Programs July 18, 2013 Dont feel pressured to send your child to a fancy college summer program. Parents who think these programs are the ticket to the best colleges are misinformed. There was an article in Bloomberg recently by Mary Camille Izlar entitled Harvard Summer Program Recommendations Come at Hefty Cost that discusses the price parents will pay to send their children to expensive college summer programs. They do this of course to improve their childs odds of getting into the highly selective colleges of their dreams. The article references how students are charged $10,490 to attend a summer program at Harvard and, in exchange, these students will seek out Harvard professors to write letters of recommendation on their behalf as they apply to colleges (not just Harvard). Many parents and students really believe that these college summer programs are the admissions ticket. Were here to say that theyre just plain wrong, and weve been saying this for over 20 years. Do you know what it says when an applicant attended an expensive summer program?  It says that mommy and daddy are wealthy and that their child is uncreative in that he or she cant think of anything else to do for the summer but participate in an organized program thats not that dissimilar to attending sleep-a-way camp or a teen tour.  This type of program is not all that dissimilar to going to sleep-a-way camp or going on a teen tour. How do you think that comes across to admissions officers? Are they more likely to admit the children of privilege or the underprivileged? Unless that child of privileged is a legacy or a development case, the underprivileged kid is always going to win in highly selective college admissions. These college summer programs are a major money-maker for universities across the nation. And theyre only growing in popularity. According to the Bloomberg piece, Filling  the dorms for the summer is a common method for colleges to make money, said Jamie Merisotis, president of the Lumina Foundation, an organization that works to expand student access to higher education. Colleges and universities are facing lots of budget pressure, and many of these programs draw $5,000, $7,000 or $10,000 per student in a few weeks, Merisotis said. That’s pretty good money from the perspective of the universities.' So if you dont want to pay for your child to attend one of these college summer programs, dont do it. It could hurt their chances of admission to highly selective colleges. Should they be doing nothing all summer instead? Absolutely not. They should be working, pursuing their passions (intellectual, athletic, etc.), researching, and you get the idea. They should not be sitting on the beach tanning!

Naturalistic Observation Observing People - 999 Words

Naturalistic Observation – observing people in their natural setting. The advantages to his method are; realistic natural behaviours, low demand characteristics, can generate new ideas for research and test existing findings. However the disadvantages are; lack of control of variables, observer bias, limited to public places or certain types of behaviours, which may create ethical issues. Controlled Observation – allows researchers to observe in a natural setting, giving focus on what they want to study. However their intervention could disturb the setting. Participant Observation – The advantages are realism and natural behaviour, thus greater validity, new directions for research, and qualitative data. Conversely, there may be observer bias and effects, lack of quantitative data, difficulty in replicating or generalising, time consuming, and may raise ethical issues (Haralambos, et al., 2002). The systematic collection of data from large number of people, normally based on a sample of the population. This method can be fast, inexpensive and efficient, produces quantitative data and easy to replicate and generalise findings due to large sample. However there can be low response rates and demand characteristics. Structured or unstructured interviews are another method that can be used. There are some essential components of conducting research. Psychologists design their research experiments by using: Hypothesis – a statement or prediction NullShow MoreRelatedEssay on Naturalistic Observation1165 Words   |  5 Pagescontrols the environment. Naturalistic Observation Naturalistic observation, also known as nonparticipant observation, has no intervention by a researcher. It is simply studying behaviors that occur naturally in natural contexts, unlike the artificial environment of a controlled laboratory setting. Importantly, in naturalistic observation, there is no attempt to manipulate variables. Strength: We can measure what behavior is really like. After all, the researcher is observing real-life. This type ofRead MoreFive Identifications of Research Methods809 Words   |  4 Pagesof studying the exact same behavior. The five identifications of research methods are naturalistic observation, survey method, case study, correlational design, and the experimental method. Each other research methods listed were used in an extensive amount of studies. Naturalistic observation is a research method usually used by psychologists and other social scientists. This technique involves observing subjects in their natural environment. This type of research is often used in situationsRead MoreObservational Research648 Words   |  3 PagesObservational research empowers a scientist to consistently receive empirical information from observing people in their natural circumstances without intentionally influencing the behavior and environment of study. The study has several observational styles where the scientist is not involved, can be notably present, but not involved, or becomes a participant for a firsthand view of the experience among the people studied. This hands-off research style requires the scientist to have discernment to remainRead MoreThe Relationship Between Gender And Amount Of Participation910 Words   |  4 PagesRelationship between Gender and Amount of Participation in a Class In a classroom setting, who is more vocal in asking and answering questions men or women? This is the question we hope to answer in our naturalistic observation study. This question has been studied in numerous other observations. Dillon (2001) observed a high school classroom setting to see if male would participate more than women to see if â€Å"male predominance† of participation is true. He found that the number of times eachRead MoreEssay on Child Development Observation1013 Words   |  5 PagesIn this assignment I am going to describe a child observation that I have done in a nursery for twenty minutes in a play setting. I will explain the strengths and weaknesses of naturalistic observation through the key developmental milestones based in Mary Sheridan (2005) check-list and provide a theoretical explanation to support the naturalistic observation. First of all I would like to explain why the child observation is important for social workers. It is important because it focus on theRead MoreA Research Methods Used By Psychologists955 Words   |  4 PagesCase studies, surveys, and naturalistic observations are a few research methods used by psychologists to facilitate the understanding of behavior. 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The variable of interest in this experiment are gender and the action upon greeting.Gender is conceptually defined as theRead MoreEssay about Psychology-Naturalistic Observation1785 Words   |  8 Pages Naturalistic Observation Primary Reference Source Loucopoulos P and V Karakostas (1995) System Requirements Engineering. McGraw Hill International. Summary description Observational methods involve an investigator viewing users as they work and taking notes on the activity which takes place. Observation may be either direct, where the investigator is actually present during the task, or indirect, where the task is viewed by some other means such as through use of a video camera. Typical Application

What Women and Islam Have in Common Essay - 591 Words

What Women and Islam Have in Common What do women and Islam have in common? Besides the stereotyped images that each suffers from individually, the status of women in Islam is one of the most extremely misunderstood and incorrectly portrayed things in western society. We can investigate why this is so later. First, a brief introduction to the actual status of women in Islam is in order. Before discussing issues pertinent to the social status of women, consider the original creation of the woman as portrayed by the Quoran (the Islamic holy book) which does not subscribe to the view that Eve was created from the crooked rib of Adam and thus is of inferior status: O humankind, be conscious of your Sustainer who has created you out†¦show more content†¦Islam has also ensured the womans right to remarry pending a three month refrainment period. As for social rights, Islam has always recognized the prominent role that women play in society. They are given the freedom to pursue any profession including political positions. Both in the past and present day, women in Islamic societies have reached political heights unparalleled in the most advanced western nations. Even in the earliest day of Islam, Aysha, the daughter of the prophet, lead an army of 30,000 soldiers. Currently, women lead two Islamic countries: Benazir Bhutto has served as the prime minister of Pakistan since 1988 and has been a strong and remarkable leader. Turkey is also headed by a Muslim woman, Tansu Ciller, who was elected the prime minister in 1993. Here in the U.S., we still have never had a female president and the outlook doesnt look too good either. Those are just a few of the facts. Why then is Islam portrayed as a religion that oppresses women and puts them in a position inferior to men? Part of that is certainly due to the stereotyped image of how Islamic women are portrayed in western media as an extension of Islam-bashing. A prominent example is the movie Not Without My Daughter in which scores of false and fictitious depictions were made of women in an Islamic country. It is also true, however, that in many so called Islamic countries, women are not treated according to their God-given rights. But thisShow MoreRelatedIslam : A Monotheistic Religion1505 Words   |  7 Pages Modern Challenges Paper Islam is a monotheistic religion taking into account disclosures got by the prophet Muhammad in the seventh century A.D., which were later recorded in the Quran (or Koran), Islam s consecrated content. Islam has spread quickly during the time and today the religion is, by a few estimations, the biggest on the planet. Devotees of Islam are called Muslims. The Arabic word Islam signifies accommodation, mirroring the confidence s focal precept of submitting to Allah. IslamicRead MoreMedia Portrayal of Islam Essay760 Words   |  4 PagesIslam: suppressor of women, enemy of Western nations, and breeder of terrorists. The West has many stereotypes and misconceptions about Islam that are due to the media, prejudice, and ignorance. Islam is often seen as an extremist or terrorist religion. Often, the medias reports about Islam are incorrect due to ignorance or not wanting to acknowledge its true teachings. This is one of the reasons why Westerners are often wary of Muslims. In contrast t o what the media portrays, Islam is a peacefulRead MoreProgressive Muslims Post 9/11826 Words   |  4 PagesPart I -Progressive Muslims – In Search of Progressive Islam Beyond 9/11 Farid Esack describes the situation of progressive Muslims post 9/11. He does this because their role has become significantly important in the society they live in. Progressive Muslims described by him are liberal Muslims who are seeking for a change but according to their conservative values. He describes the attacks from 9/11 represents a collision of two forms of religious fundamentalism, the American capitalistic marketRead MoreThe Role Of Muslim Women During The Islamic World1564 Words   |  7 Pagesrole of Muslim women in the Islamic world is one has been widely discussed criticized by many people. The most common perceptions are of women living under the oppressive dictatorships of their husbands, forced into marriage, and constantly covered under the veil. The discussion of Muslim women and their roles are an important, firstly because there have been many misconceptions by non-Muslims which needs to be corrected and addressed. Secondly, some Muslim countries treat women unjustly in theRead MoreWhat is Islam and why should anyone care? This could be the question that lingers in the mind of800 Words   |  4 Pages What is Islam and why should anyone care? This could be the question that lingers in the mind of most people who are trying to understand it. This especially since its a major religion of the same place that spawned the Taliban. Islam itself is nothing to be afraid of thought, as it shares similar qualities to other well-known religions, like how it is a mono-theistic religion governed by the Quran, the holy text of the Muslims. It also has its distinctions, like with the 5 pillars of Islam,Read More Western Views of Women in Islam Essay1053 Words   |  5 Pageswhen it comes to women in Islam. Because of the portrayal of women in the Arab world through pop-culture and the media, some Westerners may believe that Islam creates a society in need of modernity. The concepts of religious government are also foreign to the Western world. Feminists often focus on the practice of veiling women in Islamic tradition as a law made to minimize the importance of women as citizens. It is importan t for us to recognize where our biased views exist, and what sorts of root assumptionsRead MoreMuslim Women As A Symbol Of Oppression856 Words   |  4 PagesIn the past decade, Islam has been viewed as a male dominant religion. Many people in the west proclaim that Muslim women are forced to wear and do things out of their own will and, therefore, the western society perceives Muslim women as a symbol of oppression. The main subject of controversy is the Islamic veil. In addition, the west proclaims Islam to be a sexist religion as the Muslim women are not held equal to men including a limited amount of women’s rights in Islam. In the Deepa Kumar articleRead MoreChristianity And The Modern World1341 Words   |  6 PagesIn my thesis essay, I choose Christianity as my essay topic, in my essay I will cover the common characteristics how Christianity contribute to the modern world. And how the role of the women has changed over time based on Christianity religion. I hope to show my professor that I fully understand the subject I am writing on while developing a conclusion of my essay. Christianity creation even though the organ may seem long, according to biblical terms Christianity was formed appormiety around 6300Read MoreRole Of A Woman Within Islam And Their Daily Source Of Happiness1066 Words   |  5 PagesWomen in Islam are constantly viewed, from the Western standpoint, as a suppressed culture. Though this may be true to certain extents, such as not mixing in with the men at mosque, we can find that generally, the Islamic woman is well respected and held in high regard. â€Å"Women in Islam are; mothers, sisters, partners, workers, scholars and business owners and managers† (al-Hashimi 4). Within this research paper, we will review the role of a woman in Islam and their daily source of happiness. AnRead MoreEssay Women in Islam807 Words   |  4 Pagesextremists treat women in Islam, couldn’t be further away than what the Islam preaches. Misinformation and misconception about Muslim women is the main reasons why so many Westerner’s have the picture of Islam, especially in America, associated it with bad images of oppressed women hiding in their hijab,, or walking behind their husbands. What does Islam say about women and their right’s. Do Islamic countries follow Islamic teaching when dealing with women’s issues? Beliefs about how Muslim women are treated

Maya angelou and richard wright - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1565 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Maya Angelou and Richard Wright: The Dream of Freedom Graduation is the best day of ever young kids life, its almost as important as learning to read and write. But in reference to both being very important, racism and segregation has played the biggest factor of them all in both Graduation and The Library Card. Graduation, by Maya Angelou describes the anger from racism and pride of graduation day at her segregated school. Similarily, in his article, The Library Card, Richard Wright describes his struggle and frustration that he faces in the process for borrowing books due to the Jim Crow laws and his reaction towards the unfair treatment of Negros in the South. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Maya angelou and richard wright" essay for you Create order I believe that most students in the world have experienced some from of racism during their school years, either from teachers, from their peers, or through an overt or covert curriculum. But in contrast to racism and segregation in these two essays, they both show that, in order for African Americans to survive they have to overcome far more situations than just whites., they had to show pride, self-respect, and courage to keep fighting through hard times. Both Maya Angelou and Richard Wright utilized various similar and distinct ideas. They both did not have accessibly to good education; they both saw light down the road to further education; Due to education both started hating white Southerners; both become discouraged/dissatisfied and then later look forward to being free for once in their segregated lives. Imagine how it would fl to have omon of nothr race pk at your graduation and put your race down. This is the story of Graduation written by my nglou. In this story we how young black girl wit with grt pride and nticiption her graduation day. When the day finally rriv, her drm and xpcttion or hdowd by the pch that Mr. Donlvy, whit man, gave to the graduating cl of 1940. At the and of the story we how the cl vldictorin, Henry Rd com back with ncourging word that help the entire udinc become live and fl like they war on top gin. My nglou ud very important literary lmnt in this story called ton. Ton is the attitude the pkr h toward thmlv, their ubjct, and their udinc. In this c the pkr in this story is the young black girl. In the beginning of the story the black girl pk with pride and lf-confidnc. He think very highly of hrlf when he tt, I w going to be lovely. walking modal of all the various tyl of fin hand wing nd it didnt worry m tht I w only twlv yr old nd mrly grduting from th ighth grd (nglou, pp.56-80). In th middl of th tory w that th girl is ngry nd dippointd t th outcom of Angelous grdution. explained earlier, Mr. Donlvy ddrd hr grduting cl with continuou rmrk bout th whit cl. H wnt on to y tht th whit kid wr going to hv chnc to bcom the Glilo nd Mdm Curi nd dion nd Guguin (nglou, p.23). Th young girl couldnt bliv wht h w hring: Grdution, huh-huh mgic tim of frill nd gift nd congrtultion nd diplom, w finihd for m bfor my nm w clld. Th ccomplihmnt was nothing. Donlvy hd xpod us. (Angelou pg. 110) In thi ntnc w cn ctully fl th frutrtion nd ngr h flt. t th nd of th tory w how hr mood chngd from bing ngry to fling proud of hrlf nd hr rc onc gin. Thi w th outcom of pom rd by hr cl vldictorin, Hnry Rd: Th word of Ptrick Hnry hd md uch n imprion on m tht I hd bn bl to trtch mylf tll nd trmbling nd, I know not wht cour othr my tk but for m, giv m librty or giv m dth (nglou, pp.120-125). In thi ntnc th young girl fl proud to b blck nd a prt of th grduting cl of 1940. h put id ll th wful rmrk md by Mr. Donlvy nd rjoicd with th ncourging word givn by Hnry Rd. h w proud of hr rc nd proud to b grduting du to hr full cdmic ccomplihmnt. The Library Card, by Richard Wright had contrasted various similar ideas as to Maya Angelou. Though Wright was prohibited by the Jim Crow laws to borrow books from the library, he imbibed knowledge of learning to read and write from the help of Mr. Falk. Mr. Falk was an Irish Catholic and was hated by the white Southeners. To show the high degree of security Wright felt in asking Mr. Falk for his library card and for breaking the Southern White Law. Wright, a nigger boy, prefers to ask Mr. Falk to borrow his library card for H.L. Menchkens book because all of themNegros, Mr. Falk, and H.L. Menckenhave the similarity of the little girl in Maya Angelous essay; they all were hated by the white Southeners. Since both, Mr. Falk nad Wright, are hated by Southern whites, Mr. Falk would not snitch on him for having an intention to break a Southern Whites law of not allowing Negros to borrow books from the library. Like Maya Angelou, Richard Wrights only accessibility to education came from the books he borrowed from the library. As reading grew into a passion (Wright pg 431) to Wright and his capability of looking at world began to differ, he unknowingly begins to desire freedom. Wright terms desire of freedom into vague, unformed yearning (Wright 433) because he had never before been enlightened to the freedom of such a degree as he had been from reading. This enlightenment makes him desire freedom further. However, Jim Crow laws prevented Wright from fulfilling his desire. Thus, he feels dissatisfied for being a Negro and not being able to pursue his desire. Since southern whites developed Jim Crow laws, he hates them. Wright clearly points out his hatred for southern whites when he writes I could fight the southern whites (Wright 434). He also hates his fellow-Negros who empowers whites over their Negro self. To show his disapproval with his fellow-Negros Wright refers to them as being col d (Wright 434). As a result, to put an end to his dissatisfaction and hate, Wright begins to plan for the trip [to] North (Wright 434). By the enlightenment, Richard Wright empowers himself by elevating his pride, self-respect, and courage to rebel against the southern whites. After being enlightened about how others rebelled against southern whites, Wright denies living a life of a slave and writes I would hate myself as much as those who submitted (Wright 434) to show the increment in self-respect .Wright desires to rebel against southern whites. By reading H. L. Mencken books, Wright realized how Mencken was rebelling against southern whites through his writing (Wright 428-429). Thus, by admitting that he wants to be a good writer, Wright hints of his desire to rebel against southern whites through writing. Even though Wright knows southern whites hate people who speak against them, his decision to rebel against southern whites shows his high degree of courage. Maya Angelou and Richard Wright gave a new meaning to education for all African Americans. As learning to read and write grew among slaves, it gave birth to the desire of freedom through writing rebellion, in which Richard Wright masters his own raging demon, slashing with his pen (Wright pg. 433-434) imagination. The rebellion then shapes into a revolution for equal rights and then with the little aid of Rosa Parks by not seating and the great contribution of Dr. Martin Luther King JR. by never backing down, the revolution succeeds and gives a birth to the America of equal opportunity as known today. Today, Barrack Obama, an African-American, is the president of America. There is no doubt that Barrack Obamas success is the fruit of the some tree whose roots correspond to Maya Angelou and Richard Wrights struggle. They were heros to the African Americans not only for standing up and showing pride, self-respect and courage, but by enlightening the hearts with a passion to succeed for ward.

Essay on Does Artificial Human Cloning Challenge Ethical...

Does Artificial Human Cloning Challenge Ethical Boundaries? Are you one of the millions of humans that take their individuality for granted? If so, adding a replica of a loved one no big deal. Or is it? Human cloning, will it be the wave of the future which will create a human being that will genetically superior or simple replace a loved one that died? What would a parent pay to replace a lost child $1000.00, $10,000.00, or as much as one million dollars, and if so would this be justifiable, moral, or even ethical? Cloning another human being through artificial means draws speculation, fear, and debate. These concerns would suggest that it borders unethical boundaries, is currently not safe enough for human reproduction. The causes,†¦show more content†¦(History) This unprecedented development of DNA opened new doors and concerns of how to use this new enhancement capability. Should this development be used to create a cloned human being, which until recently only happened naturally through the birthing process of identical twins? Should this new-found code not be used at all? The development of DNA soon led to the introduction of a term called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). This involves transferring the nucleus of somatic cells into a nucleated oocyte. This process means removing the nucleus from an unfertilized egg, then inserting it into the egg of the nucleus from an adult animal cell. The manipulated oocyte is treated with chemicals or electric in order to stimulate cell division and an embryo is formed (Johnson 2002). The (SCNT) research became reality in 1997 with the breakthrough of cloning the first mammal At Roslin Institute in Scotland an embryologist by the name of Ian Wilmut and his team replaced the nucleus from an oocy te of a blackface ewe with the nucleus of a cell from the mammary glands of a six-year-old Finn Dorset sheep. They transferred the resulting embryo into the womb of a surrogate ewe and approximately five months later Dolly was born. She was genetically identical to the Finn Dorset ewe from which the somatic cell had been obtained (Human genome project information. 2002). In the announcement of her controversial birth, anShow MoreRelatedGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesreliability †¢ â€Å"Don’t let the facts get in the way of a good story† is an instruction often heard in the newsroom †¢ Concept of media ethics is conceived to be an oxymoron. Sadly, many aspects of the modern media are stripped of almost all ethical concerns. In a reality of competition, ratings and economic considerations, ethics becomes a secondary, sometimes irritating, issue †¢ E.g. But consider 2003, New York Times writer Jayson Blair caught for plagiarising and falsifying elements ofRead MoreModule Quizzes Essay14245 Words   |  57 Pagesan Extra credit special case? You are in a car accident and are required to be hospitalized for an extended period of time If you have an issue which of the following links should you click on to report your issue? â€Å"Have an issue† What days does this class meet? Never. It’s all on-line A student has missed 5 modules and asks Dr. Pozos to open those modules. The student has no excuse, but that she got caught up in the drama of life -the relationship broke up. The student reports this problemRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreMetamorphoses Within Frankenstein14861 Words   |  60 PagesFrankenstein’s. This understanding by the gen eral public of the Fr ankenstein myth as a fab le of technolo gico-scien tif ic irresponsib ility — from th e Monster as ‘ a simulacrum of industrialized 11 12 reproduction’ to nuclear physics and biological cloning — is one of two readings which liter ary criticism has been content to share, even to take for granted. ‘ The Monster’, Martin Tropp reminds us, ‘has b een called the ancestor of â€Å"all the shamb ling horde of modern robots an d androids† in science-fiction’

Great Power Hegemony Free Essays

Name: Sayed Jamaluddin Firozi, St no: 1B1019 Great power hegemony There is a question that which system (empire, balance of power, concert of power or great power hegemony) provides the best conditions for advancing peace, prosperity and civilization? There are several opinions about the advantages and disadvantages of each system and the functions, abilities and disabilities of them to maintaining the peace and stability in international arena. But I want to argue on hegemonic power system as a preventer of war among states and a maintainer of peace as comparison to other suggested types of system for advancing peace, stability and civilization in all over the world. Hegemonic power system is the best system for advancing peace, prosperity and preventing war among states comparing to other types of systems such as empire, balance of power, and concert of power. We will write a custom essay sample on Great Power Hegemony or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this paper I will argue that as history of international relations show most wars and conflicts among states occurred in a lack of a hegemonic power because a hegemonic power try to act as a policeman and don’t let the states to start war. If war happens mostly the super power will enter the war to stop it because the hegemonic power does see itself as a policeman to have the right to intervene. So, hegemonic power is good for making peace and stability in the world. There are many reasons that great power hegemony system could be the best option for developing peace and preventing the war. It is clear that two world wars happened in the absence of a great hegemonic power. For example if in the 1910s there was great power hegemony the First World War may did not happen. In addition, hegemonic power system naturally makes its allies and don’t want to go just for its own interest but also look for others as well. In contrast in balance of power each actor in the system try to pursue its national interests and want to increase the power in terms of military or other resources. Furthermore, great power hegemony can be very helpful in cooperation among states, because the hegemonic power bear the most cost of transaction in the system. For example USA as a hegemonic state â€Å"pays the 22 percent regular expenditure of United Nation and 25 percent of the budget while UN goes for peacekeeping operations around the world. On the other hand, â€Å"the system of balance of power doesn’t seem to contribute the cooperation among states but in contrast it pushes the states to go for a competition and armament race because each state in the system will increase its capabilities to make the balance in the system. Eventually this competition will lead nation state to build its arm forces†. However, there are some arguments about the weakness of hegemonic power to prevent states from going to war. They argue that hegemonic power has its own limitations in term of internal and external barriers to go as policeman around the world. This arguments see very good and logic. But they don’t have any proposal that which system could be the best to make the world more peaceful and prosperous. So, despite these points of view the other types of system such as balance of power or concert of power likely aren’t good replacement for great power hegemony system to be succeeded for making peace and stability in the world. So I will try to give more examples from history of international relations to show the other systems (empire and balance of power or concert of power) couldn’t make a stable and peaceful world. But mostly went to war and there was fear of attack from other country in the era of those systems. In conclusion, there might be some suggestion for advancing peace, prosperity and stability within the system of great power hegemony. References: 1. Luard, Evan. The balance of power: The System of International Relations, 1648 – 1815, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1992. 2. Kennedy, Paul, The Rise and Fall of Great Powers, Random House, New York, 1987 3. Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1996. 4. Journal of Peace Research. 5. Brooking Institution Press. 6. The Better World Campaign. ——————————————– [ 2 ]. . U. S. Dues and Contributions to the United Nations, The Better World Campaign, http://www. betterworldcampaign. org/issues/funding/us-dues-and-contributions. h tml , [ 3 ]. . Journal of p eace research, 1964-2007 (Vols. 1-44), http://www. jstor. org/stable/422972? seq=3 How to cite Great Power Hegemony, Papers

Freedom and Opression in Literature Essay Example For Students

Freedom and Opression in Literature Essay Freedom. The basic, yet insubstantial, ideal for which America was founded. Described as liberty, autonomy, or sovereignty, freedom is possibly the most common basic right of humans. Despite this commonality, it is perhaps the one word in the dictionary that has an extraordinarily individualistic meaning to every single person. The studied authors of American literature represent this belief in each of their writings. The coercion of personal freedom is one of the worst travesties one might ever face, as many individuals did face in our readings. Predominantly Native Americans, Blacks, and women are found most commonly oppressed due to ignorance of others and society of their respective times. Native Americans, perhaps, embody the purest thoughts of simple freedom. We came to these mountains about us; no one lived here, and so we took them for our home and country (277), Cochise says in his narration, I am alone. During the westward expansion of the mid and late 1800s, Native Americans were stripped of their freedom, along with their land. He illustrates not only why Native Americans love their freedom of land and nature, but also why this freedom should not be oppressed and why Native Americans should not be forced from their homelands. Charlot also supports this: We cherished himyes, befriended him, and showed him the fords and defiles of our lands (280). Native Americans, according to Charlot, were willing to compromise with the white man and share their land as long as they could maintain their freedom and land. Eastman also supported Charlots compromise. In his work From the Deep Woods (633), he says, There is only one thing for us to do and be just to both sides. We must use every means for peaceful settlement in this difficulty (639). Whites, in ignorant belief that Native Americans had no freedoms, savagely invaded Indian settlements and camps, as Eastman continues, Troops opened fire form all sides, killing not only unarmed men, women, and children, but their own comrades who stood opposite them, for the camp was entirely surrounded (644). Here, freedom is atrociously stripped with the repression of the Native Americans. Although freedom has different individual meanings for each of the African-American writers we have studied, they all translate freedom into the achievement of equality, esteem, and full rights and emancipation equivalent to those of whites. Booker T. Washington vividly illustrates the sacredness of his freedom as he recalls his own experiences as a slave in Up From Slavery (581). He is a prime example of someone who is proud to the utmost degree of his personal freedom, and that of his entire race; with this, he tells how Blacks now must keep themselves free and bring themselves up to the freedom of whites. He says, When you have gotten the full story of the heroic conduct of the Negro in the Spanish-American warthen decide within yourselves whether a race that is thus willing to die for its country should not be given the highest opportunity to live for its country (611). More sanguine with his poetry, Langston Hughes I, Too (1733), implies that the black man today is seen as beneath whites and still less than human, despite emancipation almost a century before. The narrator tells of his woes of being the darker brother and how whites, shown when he is sent to eat in the kitchen when company comes, demean him. Optimistic, be brightens his tone, Tomorrow, Ill sit at the table/When company comes (1733). He reminds himself and the reader that one day soon, he will be a racial equal to whites and they will be ashamed for belittling him, seen when she says, I too, am America (1734). .u9be9cb0cfa9d7a2b8a103be367e11fcf , .u9be9cb0cfa9d7a2b8a103be367e11fcf .postImageUrl , .u9be9cb0cfa9d7a2b8a103be367e11fcf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9be9cb0cfa9d7a2b8a103be367e11fcf , .u9be9cb0cfa9d7a2b8a103be367e11fcf:hover , .u9be9cb0cfa9d7a2b8a103be367e11fcf:visited , .u9be9cb0cfa9d7a2b8a103be367e11fcf:active { border:0!important; } .u9be9cb0cfa9d7a2b8a103be367e11fcf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9be9cb0cfa9d7a2b8a103be367e11fcf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9be9cb0cfa9d7a2b8a103be367e11fcf:active , .u9be9cb0cfa9d7a2b8a103be367e11fcf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9be9cb0cfa9d7a2b8a103be367e11fcf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9be9cb0cfa9d7a2b8a103be367e11fcf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9be9cb0cfa9d7a2b8a103be367e11fcf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9be9cb0cfa9d7a2b8a103be367e11fcf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9be9cb0cfa9d7a2b8a103be367e11fcf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9be9cb0cfa9d7a2b8a103be367e11fcf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9be9cb0cfa9d7a2b8a103be367e11fcf .u9be9cb0cfa9d7a2b8a103be367e11fcf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9be9cb0cfa9d7a2b8a103be367e11fcf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Miles Davis (276 words) Essay In The Wife of His Youth, Charles Chesnutt writes a symbolic romance to show his personal views on freedom in the antebellum period. Once the wife of his youth, Liza Jane, finds Mr. Ryder, the husband of her own youth, Ryder is faced with the chance to maintain his self-attained freedom of high-class mulatto society, or return to Liza Jane, allowing himself to harbor the freedom of fate in this situation. Finally, Zora Neale Hurston exhibits her racial freedom proudly in How It Feels

The Birling Family Essay Research Paper Example For Students

The Birling Family Essay Research Paper Inspector calls is a play written by JB Priestley in 1945. An Inspector calls discusses issues of class, morality and responsibility. Priestly preaches his social views with in the play and reflects this in the character of the Inspector he believes that we should all care for one another as we are all members of one body. Furthermore the play follows a middle class family and discusses there respectability and questions whether respectability is directly proportional to morality. All characters are interrogated and it appears all have performed actions that have resulted in Eva Smith or Daisy Rentons death . The key point that Priestly is trying to demonstrate is not the actions that they have done but there response and how far they feel remorse for their wrong doings. Dramatic and chronological irony is featured in the novel as the play is set in 1912 but written in 1945 hence allowing the audience to look retrospectively and judge the characters accordingly . In this essay I will be discussing the Birling family and indeed Gerald Crofts ability to take responsibility and respond with a sense of guilt . We will write a custom essay on The Birling Family Research Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Sheila seems to change dramatically throughout the course of the play she begins by being dependant on her parents and as the stage directions state pleased with her life. However by the end of the play Sheila is able to form her own opinions and able to take responsibility unlike her father and mother. An example of this is she tells her parents that they may not go on like they have done before despite becoming aware of the inspector as a fake she says youre pretending everything is just as it was before. In addition Sheila seems truly devastated once she has learnt of her role in Eva smiths death she claims I will never ever do anything like this again . Sheilas compassion is believable and conforms to the idea of the inspectors so much so that she believes that everyone must take their share of responsibility telling her mother not to build a wall as it will be knocked down by the inspector. Eric Birling follows in his sisters footsteps he too takes his share of responsibility although not a readily as Sheila. Eric seems to be a trouble man resorting to drinking and theft. Despite this he is able to admit to his faults towards the end of the play. He claims that they helped killed her hence recognising the families faults and perusing change. However in response to the money that he stole he has an inability to take responsibility. In response to the question whether or not he stole the money he repeatedly says no not really and I intended to pay it back . Furthermore when he hears that Daisy applied to his mothers charity and was infact denied he passionately says to his mother you killed her . This momentary shift of blame proves that Eric in the way of taking responsibility has steps to take although in some respects he does the moral and just coarse of action. Gerald is some what untrustworthy and Priestley intends for Gerald to be an undecided character . Gerald takes responsibility for his role in Evas death but on the other hand it is him who finds out the inspector is fake . Gerald says in response to questioning about Eva that he did not install her their to make love to her and that he was sorry for he .

Are You a Good Listener Quiz

Are You a Good Listener Quiz Are you a good listener? Lets find out. On a scale of 25-100 (100 highest), how do you rate yourself as a listener? _____ Let’s find out how accurate your perception is. Rate yourself in the following situations and total your score. 4 Usually, 3 Frequently, 2 Sometimes, 1 Seldom ____ I try to listen carefully even when I’m not interested in the topic. ____ I’m open to viewpoints that are different from my own. ____ I make eye contact with the speaker when I’m listening. ____ I try to avoid being defensive when a speaker is venting negative emotions. ____ I try to recognize the emotion under the speaker’s words. ____ I anticipate how the other person will react when I speak. ____ I take notes when it’s necessary to remember what I’ve heard. ____ I listen without judgment or criticism. ____ I stay focused even when I hear things I don’t agree with or don’t want to hear. ____ I don’t allow distractions when I’m intent on listening. ____ I don’t avoid difficult situations. ____ I can ignore a speaker’s mannerisms and appearance. ____ I avoid leaping to conclusions when listening. ____ I learn something, however small, from every person I meet. ____ I try not to form my next response while listening. ____ I listen for main ideas, not just details. ____ I know my own hot buttons. ____ I think about what I’m trying to communicate when I speak. ____ I try to communicate at the best possible time for success. ____ I don’t assume a certain level of understanding in my listeners when speaking. ____ I usually get my message across when I communicate. ____ I consider which form of communication is best: email, phone, in-person, etc. ____ I tend to listen for more than just what I want to hear. ____ I can resist daydreaming when I’m not interested in a speaker. ____ I can easily paraphrase in my own words what I’ve just heard. ____ Total Scoring 75-100 You’re an excellent listener and communicator. Keep it up.50-74 You’re trying to be a good listener, but it’s time to brush up.25-49 Listening isn’t one of your strong points. Start paying attention. Learn how to be a better listener: Active Listening. Joe Grimms Listen and Lead project is a fabulous collection of listening tools. If your listening could be improved, get help from Joe. Hes a professional listener.

SAT Subject Test Scores for the Ivy League

SAT Subject Test Scores for the Ivy League SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are your sights set on the Ivy League or other top universities? As you're well aware, these schools are the most selective in the country. Because of this, you want to carefully craft every aspect of your application so it's as strong as it can possibly be. Let's look at one important part of your application: your SAT Subject Test scores. In this article, we'll go over the Subject Test requirements and expectations of top schools, and offer some advice on how to balance these tests with everything else you've got going on in your busy life. SAT Subject Test Requirements at Top Schools Let's take a look at the eight Ivy League schools- Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, Princeton, UPenn, and Yale- along with some other top schools, such as Duke, Georgetown, MIT, Stanford, and the University of Chicago. All of these schools generally recommend or require two SAT Subject Tests, with the exception of Georgetown, which asks for three. Lately, though, there's been an increase in schools, including top-ranked ones, making SAT Subject Tests completely optional. For example, although Harvard recommends Subject Tests, they are technically optional for applicants: "While we recommend that you submit two SAT Subject Tests, you may apply without them if the cost of the tests represents a financial hardship or if you prefer to have your application considered without them." Stanford similarly recommends, but does not require, SAT Subject Test scores. Even though you can opt out, both Harvard and Stanford strongly recommend taking Subject Tests and sending in your scores. If these tests present a financial barrier to you, definitely speak with admissions officers and get their advice. You can also explore your options for fee waivers. The only schools on this list that do not emphasize SAT Subject Tests are the University of Chicago and Columbia. The University of Chicago's policy on Subject Tests is as follows: "[S]ubject Tests are truly optional, and not sending us Subject Test scores will not hurt your application." Columbia used to require Subject Tests but made them optional beginning in 2016. So what are the Subject Test requirements and special instructions for other top schools? Below is a handy chart you can use to find out top schools' policies regarding SAT Subject Tests. Note: The column "ACT Replace Subject Tests?" means that this school accepts the ACT + Writing in lieu of the SAT + two Subject Tests. In other words, you can submit the ACT + Writing and not have to worry about taking any SAT Subject Tests. If this space has a dash in it, you'll need to send in the number of Subject Tests required, regardless of whether you take the SAT or ACT. School # of Subject Tests Recommended/Required ACT Replace Subject Tests? Notes From School Brown 2 recommended - "If you are applying to the Program in Liberal Medical Education, we strongly recommend one subject test in either Biology, Chemistry or Physics." Columbia None - "SAT Subject Test and other proficiency exam scores are not required by Columbia, but we will accept your results if you choose to submit them ... You will not be at a disadvantage should you choose not to take these optional tests or submit the scores to Columbia." Cornell Varies by program - Applicants must submit either 0 or 2 Subject Tests, depending on the college. Dartmouth 2 recommended - "We recommend that you submit 2 SAT Subject Test scores to help us better understand your academic strengths...We encourage you take tests in the two subjects you like the most." Duke 2 recommended Yes "Applicants to the Pratt School of Engineering who take the SAT are strongly recommended to take one SAT Subject Test in Mathematics (level 1 or level 2). Applicants to the Trinity College of Arts Sciences who take the SAT may take any two SAT Subject Tests." Georgetown 3 recommended - "In addition, it is strongly recommended that candidates submit results of three SAT Subject Tests. Those tests may be any three of the applicant’s choosing, although it is recommended that applicants to the Faculty of Languages and Linguistics submit a modern language score." Harvard 2 recommended - "While we recommend that you submit two SAT Subject Tests, you may apply without them if the cost of the tests represents a financial hardship or if you prefer to have your application considered without them. ... International students generally benefit from submitting Subject Tests and should take them if possible." MIT 2 required - All applicants must take one Subject Test in math (level 1 or 2) and one in science (biology e/m, chemistry, or physics). Princeton 2 recommended - Engineering candidates are advised to take a math (level 1 or 2) Subject Test and the chemistry or physics test. Stanford 2 recommended - "SAT Subject Tests are optional. Because SAT Subject Test scores can highlight your areas of strength, we welcome the self-reporting of these results in your application." University of Chicago None - "Subject Tests are truly optional, and not sending us Subject Test scores will not hurt your application." University of Pennsylvania 2 recommended - Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences: Any two Subject Tests Nursing: Science, preferably Chemistry STEM: Math Level 2 and a science test (preferably Physics for Engineering Applicants) Business: Math Level 2 Yale Recommended (no # specified) - "SAT Subject Tests are recommended but not required. Applicants who do not take SAT Subject Tests will not be disadvantaged in the application process. We will consider your application on the basis of the other testing, and all the other information, that we receive with your application." Until recently, most of these schools required three Subject Tests. Now, Georgetown is the last one with this rather high-stakes expectation. If you're taking the ACT instead of the SAT, you might not have to send Subject Test scores at all. This is the case at Duke, where you can submit your ACT with Writing score instead of your SAT and SAT Subject Test scores. But if you do have to send two or three Subject Test scores, which tests should you take? Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Which SAT Subject Tests Should You Take? Most Ivy League schools don't have definitive requirements for which Subject Tests you should take; they simply recommend or require two, and allow you to choose which ones to take. However, some schools prefer to see a range of knowledge, in which case it's best to take Subject Tests that cover a variety of topics. For example, you could pair a humanities or social studies test (such as literature or history) with a math or science test (such as physics or chemistry). Many top-ranked schools are looking for well-rounded students who excel in a variety of subject areas. At the same time, the choice is largely up to you. The Subject Tests are a chance to demonstrate your subject mastery and express your interests and academic skills in a particular subject area. Therefore if you've indicated a major, then it's a smart idea to take (and score highly on) the corresponding Subject Test. Just as with the rest of your application, your choice of Subject Test can communicate something about your interests and future goals. It might also be an opportunity to strengthen an area in which you wish your course grade or AP exam score were higher. The language tests can be a valuable indicator of your language skills, which admissions officers appreciate in our increasingly globalized world. If you can present a strong language score, then you can showcase your multilingualism and maybe even advance to higher levels of language courses once you arrive at the school. However, some schools warn against taking an SAT Subject Test in your first language if it's not English. A score in another subject area would be more helpful as it more accurately indicates your academic potential. If you're applying to schools with an engineering or technical focus such as MIT and Caltech, you'll likely need to submit a combination of math and science Subject Tests. MIT says students must take one math test (level I or II) and one science test (biology, chemistry, or physics). Caltech also wants one math and one science test but will only accept Math Level II. For more considerations when choosing the best Subject Tests for you, check out our guide. Once you've decided on your SAT Subject Tests, though, what scores should you aim for? Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. What's a Good SAT Subject Test Score for the Ivy League? Selective schools don't usually publicize cutoffs for test scores; instead, they insist that they take a holistic approach to applications and consider all parts within the context of the greater whole. However, as you know, there are many more qualified candidates than there are spaces at these schools. With this in mind, you want your application to be exceptional and stand out as especially strong and unique- which is why getting a high SAT Subject Test score is so important. But just how high should you be aiming? This mainly depends on the school you're applying to. For example, MIT has said that its admitted students score between 720 and 800 on science Subject Tests, whereas admitted applicants to Princeton generally score 710-790 on Subject Tests. Selective institutions expect to see scores in the 700s, usually in the upper half of the 700s. For a further breakdown of how scores translate to percentiles, read our article about good Subject Test scores. With this data, you can aim to be in 80th or 90th percentile of test takers in the tests you've chosen. If you're planning to major in math or science or are applying to schools like MIT, an 800 on your math and science Subject Tests would be really helpful, even expected, for your application. As you prep for the Subject Tests and the SAT or ACT, which one should take priority? We answer this question next. How Important Are Subject Tests Compared to the SAT/ACT? Here's the short answer: SAT Subject Tests are not nearly as important as the SAT/ACT is. From my understanding, the SAT/ACT accounts for as much as 30% of your application, while the Subject Tests only account for about 2% to 5%. Therefore the SAT/ACT should be your top priority when it comes to college admission tests. Luckily, the SAT Subject Tests should align with the work and studying you're already doing in your classes. It's usually better to take a Subject Test near the end of the school year since you'll have been studying that subject all year. It also helps if the Subject Test aligns with your studying for finals and/or AP exams. Although SAT Subject Tests aren't a super important part of your application, you still need to take them seriously if you want to gain admission to the Ivy League. To get into these highly selective institutions, every component of your application must be outstanding. Plus, since you have some choice in the matter, you're expected to choose the subjects in which you can demonstrate subject mastery. A low score would seem like an outlier and might raise doubts about your academic abilities and potential in that subject. While schools are becoming more and more flexible in their standardized testing policies, Subject Test scores can give a big boost to your application if you choose the right test(s) and excel in the relevant subjects in school. Do this, and these tests shouldn't require too much additional prep in order to achieve strong-enough scores for Ivy League schools. In closing, let's discuss a few strategies you can use to balance your SAT Subject Tests schedule during the college application process. How to Juggle SAT Subject Tests and College Applications If you're gearing up to apply to Ivy League schools, you likely lead an active and busy life. Whether it's homework, clubs, sports, or all the prep work for applying to college, you have a lot of activities to juggle. And adding Subject Tests on top of everything can make you feel like you're going to drop something. As long as you approach these tests with a thoughtful plan, you should be able to maintain balance and achieve your goals. Being able to independently manage your time, while still leaving time for breaks and fun, is an important skill you'll need in college. By designing a schedule for yourself in high school, you'll be able to further develop these useful life skills. First, read our article on when to take the SAT Subject Tests. You can get all three done in one day, but you don't have to do them all at once or wait until junior year to take them. A 9th grade biology class, for example, could adequately prepare you for the Biology Subject Test. Or you might feel ready to take the Math Level I test right after sophomore year. Even if you do decide to wait until junior year to take them, it's a good idea to align them with your finals and AP exams so that your studying can kill two birds with one stone. By planning when you will take and study for the Subject Tests (alongside your prep plan for the SAT), you can allocate time in advance to give you a more balanced schedule. You might be thinking, "Making the schedule is the easy part. The hard part is sticking to it." This is true- one day you might be motivated by your dream of an acceptance letter in a giant envelope arriving at your door, while the next day that letter might seem like an image from a future life, far removed from your present one. There are no easy shortcuts here- staying on task requires motivation. But even more importantly it requires discipline. It requires the ability to push through your resistance and all the things you might rather be doing at that moment, and commit yourself to studying. Remember that you have clearly outlined your goals and want to do everything you can to achieve them. The College Board has a useful breakdown of the Subject Tests and sample questions here. Check out our other resources for helpful study strategies, such as identifying your weaknesses and dividing each section into small, manageable goals. What's Next? What are the average scores for all SAT Subject Tests? Take a look at this data here, and learn why it's important to know this as you choose your Subject Tests. Are you aiming for perfection on the SAT? Read our expert guide on the key strategies and tips you need to score a perfect 1600. If you're taking the ACT, this article by a full scorer explains how you can achieve the elusive 36. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

Contrasts between Sanders's definition of pornography with the Supreme Essay

Contrasts between Sanders's definition of pornography with the Supreme court's definition - Essay Example On the other hand, the opponents have stood firm to criticize it with the argument that freedom of expression is limited and is not guaranteed on aspects that ruin people’s morality. Some feminists have also criticised it on grounds of propagating gender violence and stereotyping. Sanders’ definition of pornography is vastly different from the Supreme Court’s definition.   Sanders defines pornography as turning of the human body into a commodity that can be sold and be used in transactions like other goods in the market. He further mentions that the act separates the body from the self (Sanders105). The definition of obscenity according to the United States laws emanates from Hicklin standard that was later embraced by the Supreme Court. In the case, Rosen versus United States, it became apparent that the Supreme Court had adopted the definition of obscenity to comprise any material that has potential to corrupt minds that are open to such immoral influences, i t further bound the individual whose hands the material may be found (Blue 79). The law depicted some inconsistencies with Sanders’ definition. The test was found inappropriate and the Supreme Court had to adopt the Roth test for obscenity. The Roth test was a slight milestone to the definition of pornography. Despite the effort, no harmony is evident with the sanders’ definition. ... The Supreme Court has no concrete definition of pornography since it does not have a law that limits on its own. However, the justice system has adopted the law of obscenity. This law leaves many gray areas that provide an enabling environment for pornography in the society. Justice Stewart is well remembered for his stand on obscenity when he reckoned that â€Å"I know it when I see it† (Blue 80). This brings much controversy since different individuals will exhibit different opinions, therefore lacking a standardised way of dealing with such crimes. Pornography issues have been dealt with a lot of disparity. Sander makes it clear that the act of engaging in trade with human bodies has no bounds. In 1968, the Supreme Court suspended the viewing of sexual content by children but upheld their viewing by adults. In a landmark ruling made in the case of Butler versus Michigan in1957, it was established that the adults should not be stooped too low and be categorised similarly as children ( National Academies 6). This type of variable obscenity creates not only amoral crisis but also a constitutional crisis, since the bill of rights gives an equal regard for all citizens. The major setback to such a ruling is the inability to distinguish the consumer of the sexual content given that children can access the same media that is used by adults. The thoughts raised by Sanders in his definition can be universally accepted. This is because they encourage morality, respect for human rights and dignity as well as the need to protect self from being tarnished by the shameful acts of pornography. In real terms, the focus of the supreme on promoting responsible social behaviour is limited and very inconsistent. The fact that the Supreme Court has a leeway to

Red Bull Marketing Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Red Bull Marketing Questions - Essay Example High income customers have high potential of consumption than low income customers. Therefore, the sales territories will be divided into high sales prospect and low sales prospects. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012), Australia has a high number of employed people. The employment rate increased by 0.1 percent and this will result to increase in consumer’s consumption. This provides a basis on identifying the sales team territory. The sales territory will be divided into high sales potential and low sales potential territories. The sales team will be allocated roles to seek and increase sales among the income earning people and the unemployment. The income generating individuals constitute the high sales prospects territory while the unemployment make up the low sales territory. Additionally, the sales territory will be determined geographically. The sales team will be allocated responsibilities in different geographical regions. Different sales representatives will be assigned Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Western Australia, Australian Capital Territory and the Northern territory (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012),. In addition, most people living in urban areas have a higher income than the people living in the rural areas. The sales team will be allocated responsibilities in different rural and urban areas. The size of each territory will be determined to decide the number of sales staff to be allocated. This will ensure that the sales representatives are not given too much or too little to do. This can result to over or under servicing of consumers. The sales personnel will be allocated territories appropriately to avoid over servicing of consumers. This can cost the Red Bull since over taxed sales representatives take on suboptimality in their activities. They will take a remarkably small number of leads; spend less time with existing consumers and spot few potential consumers.

Drivers and theories of corporate social responsibility

Drivers and theories of corporate social responsibility This part of the study emphasises on the research literature review related to the study. The structure of the literature review is broken down into three sub-sections. The former relates to the various aspects of CSR. The last two sub-sections discuss the different theoretical and empirical studies associated with CSP and CFP. 2.1 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), also known as corporate citizenship, responsible business, or sustainable responsible business is all but a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model where companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. Arguably, business and society are interwoven: society has certain expectations regarding business and therefore the firm has responsibilities towards society. Hence, being a steward of the needs of society is deemed to be a socially responsible, appropriate, and natural act. The first book acknowledging CSR is the Social Responsibilities of the Businessman (Howard R. Bowen) in the mid 1950s. But, the term CSR came in widespread use in the early 1970s. In fact, it owes its origin due to the globalisation which took place after many multinational corporations were formed, thus, bringing in force the corporate governance mechanisms to ascertain fairness and transparency as well as social responsibility in the corporate world. CSR is defined in various ways in different countries, of about being the capacity building for sustainable livelihoods from Ghana to about giving back to society from Philippines; and of being conventionally presented in a philanthropic model from the United States to being focused on operating the core business in a socially responsible way, complemented by investment in communities for solid business case reasons and voluntary interaction with the stakeholders from the European model. As such, according to Caroll (2003), The social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical and discretionary (philanthropic) expectations that society has of organisations at a given point in time. Hence, ideally and broadly, the concept of CSR is a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business would monitor and ensure its support to law, ethical standards, and international norms. 2.1.1 CSR and CSP In todays competitive market environment, businesses are confronted with a new set of non economics-related challenges. To survive and prosper, firms must bridge economic and social systems. Maximising shareholder wealth is a necessary but is no longer a sufficient condition for financial prosperity. Despite the concept of CSR addresses such issue, a specific connotation of CSR and a new performance measure called the corporate social performance (abbreviated as CSP) needs to be unified to capture the performance of a business in the social realm, and also to be more precise in thinking about CSR. CSP defined as a business organizations configuration of principles of social responsibility, processes of social responsiveness, and policies, programs, and observable outcomes as they relate to the firms societal relationships (Wood, 1991), clearly shows that social performance is not limited to corporations only, but also applies to any firm and organisation. This comprehensive definition assumes that CSP is broader than CSR, which consists of three norms at different levels of analysis: institutional, organisational, and individual. Additionally, it includes organisational processes of environmental assessment, stakeholder management, and issues management, and also various measures of its external manifestations and societal effects, such as social impacts. Hence the CSP model expresses and articulates three stages, from less to more engage towards stakeholders: social obligation, social responsibility and social responsiveness (S.P. Sethi, 1975). 2.1.2 Views on CSR According to Hancock (2005), CSR can be viewed through 3 ways namely: Sceptic view According to this view, the notion of CSR is opposed to democracy and freedom, frustrating business focus on its purpose of wealth creation. Milton Friedman best defines this approach: Few trends would so thoroughly undermine the very foundations of free society as the acceptance by corporate officials of a social responsibility other than to make as much money for their stockholders as they possibly can. Utopian view A utopian view of CSR reflects the idea that companies have a prior duty to anyone touched by their activity, their stakeholders rather than their shareholders, and especially the vulnerable that may be exploited by the companys operation. This is based on the work of Evan and Freeman who are for the stakeholder theory where a corporation must recognise and respect the vital interests of each of its surrounding stakeholders. Realist view This view gathers the greatest following of an alliance model advocated by Patricia Werhane. It states that CSR is not simply about whatever funds and expertise companies choose to invest in communities to help resolve social problems. But, it is also about the integrity with which a company governs itself, fulfils its mission, lives by its values, engages with its stakeholders, measures its impacts and reports on its activities. 2.1.3 Key Drivers of CSR CSR is seen by Porter and Van Der Linde (2000, p. 131) as a competitive driver that requires appropriate resources. CSR programmes, however, on their own, have certain main drivers which are as follow: Bottom Line Effect This is the most relevant driver of CSR programmes as it incorporates a socially responsible element into corporate practice. As John Elkington (1997) rightly underlined that many companies exhibit corporate citizenship through charity or philanthropy. Nevertheless, a new perspective evolved over time for some corporate stakeholders. Success of a corporation is now weighted and defined by evaluating businesses using a Triple Bottom Line comprised of its social, environmental and financial performance. Managing Risk An endeavour to adopt CSR programme has been the gain in market share, key personnel and investment which pioneering companies enjoy when they seriously address labour and green issues. In fact, corporations implement such a programme to manage risks and ensure legal compliance as denoted by Levine Michael A. (2008). They try to avoid investigation, litigation, prosecution, regulation or legislation. Influence of the Corporate Disasters There has been an increased perception of greed amidst senior business officials in the corporate world following corporate scandals affecting Enron, WorldCom and the like. CSR is important in counteracting allegations of corporate greed. As a result, as described by Hancock (2005) in his book, corporations are now shifting away from the philanthropic approach towards CSR and are moving towards the greater alignment of CSR with business strategy and corporate governance. Lower Equity Risk Premium Reputation Management Corporations can face economic damage when their corporate reputations and brands are assailed or sales are affected by consumer boycotts. As argued by some rating agencies, a comprehensive CSR programme will lower a companys equity risk premium. A direct correlation between reputation and financial outcome measures share price and credit rating (Hancock, 2005) has been illustrated through a model designed by the global public relations company Bell Pottinger. In fact, companies may face a variety of legal and reputational risks if they do not have adequate social compliance or corporate social responsibility/sustainability programs in place. Customer Loyalty In todays markets, companies have to focus on building and maintaining customer loyalty. As proposed by Zhou Y. (2009), this can be done through a CSR programme which builds loyalty with customers by offering a competitive advantage in a marketplace where consumers find ethically delivered or produced goods and services. Stakeholder Activism Investment Incentives As perceived by Visser, W. (2008), CSR is encouraged through the activism of stakeholder or pressure groups which often address the alleged failure of the market and government policy. The trend of socially responsible investment gives CSR an incentive where funds are screened on ethical, social and environmental criteria. Thus, this proactively encourages businesses to inform shareholders of potential risks and issues and it helps them to better understand their stakeholders, including shareholders. According to Hill Knowltown (2006), surveys have indicated that analysts place as much importance on corporate reputation as they do on financial performance. 2.1.4 Theories for CSR There are several theories that emerged to explain the reasons behind environmental reporting over the time. These are as follow: Operational Efficiency Theory Operational Efficiency occurs when the right combination of people, process, and technology to boost the productivity and value of any business operation, while reducing cost of routine operations to a desired level. In the context of CSR, operational efficiencies can be achieved through managing impending risks and liabilities more effectively and efficiently through CSR tools and perspectives by reducing costs; streaming information to stakeholders concerning the investment community for better transparency and by using corporate responsibility and sustainability approaches within business decision-making to result in new market opportunities, newly developed manufacturing processes that can be expanded to other plants, regions or markets as advocated by S. B. Banerjee (2007). Social Contract Theory The current practice of CSR by corporations was explained by O. O. Amao (2007) under the social contract theory. This theory dates from the classic period of history but took its modern form in the 16th and 18th centuries with best known philosophers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau who talk on social contract. Rousseau, in fact, conceptualised the individual-society relationship as a symbiotic situation whereby the two parties mutually confer some right to the state in order to maintain social order which makes human life and cohabitation better and to gain benefits of community and safety. In parallel to the social contract, the corporate social theory, pertaining to a firms indirect social obligations, is advanced where businesses are bound by the social contract to perform various socially desired actions in return for approval of their objectives and other rewards. Legitimacy Theory Similar to the social contract theory, the legacy theory was adopted by comporations to ensure that operations are within the limits and norms of their respective societies and the outside parties perceive their activities as being legitimate. Society grants legitimacy and power to business. In the long run, those who do not use power in a manner which society considers responsible will tend to lose it. This principle developed by Daviss (1973) is commonly known as the Iron Law of Responsibility. It expresses legitimacy as a societal-level concept and describes the responsibility of business as a social institution that must avoid abusing its power. Thus, this principle expresses a prohibition rather than an affirmative duty, and it applies equally to all companies, regardless of their particular circumstances. According to A.K.H. Khor, the legitimacy theory is fundamentally a system-oriented theory where organisations are viewed as components of the larger social environment within which they exist. Stakeholder Theory A key feature of CSR involves the way that a company engages, involves, and collaborates with its stakeholders including shareholders, employees, debt-holders, suppliers, customers, communities, non-governmental organisations, and governments. M. C. Branco and L. L. Rodrigues (2007) argued that companies need to use stakeholder engagement to internalise societys needs, hopes, circumstances into their corporate views and decision-making. While there are many questions about how far a companys responsibilities extend into communities relative to the roles of governments and individual citizens, there is a strong argument that CSR can effectively improve a companys relations with communities and thereby produce some key features that will improve business prospects for its future. Agency Theory This theory comes to explain the relationship that exists between the owners/shareholders and the management. As such the latter is the agent which appointed by the principal (owner/subsidiary) and problems such as the potential moral hazard and conflict of interest are likely to occur. CSR comes as a middle way so that both parties can maximise their gains. As such, when CFP is strong, managers may reduce social expenditures in order to maximise their own short term private gains whereas when CFP weakens, managers will try to offset their disappointing results by engaging in conspicuous social programs, hence increasing their own wealth and that of shareholders as well, pursuant to the managerial opportunism hypothesis by Preston OBannon (1997). 2.2 Theoretical Review 2.2.1 Corporate Financial Performance (CFP) Most of the businesses operate with a view of yielding profits. The financial performance of a company is reflected through its policies and operations in monetary terms. These results are reflected through its return on investment, return on assets, value added, return on sale and growth in sales. Managers work in the best interest of shareholders to maximise profits. Financial performance is the most common, however, it cannot be considered as the only indicator used to measure a firms wealth. A broader definition of financial performance is accompanied by additional indicators such as short-term profits, long-term profits, market value, and other forms of competitive advantage, as noted by Jensen (2001). 2.2.2 Corporate Social Performance and CFP Many previous studies have indicated an unclear relationship between CSR and financial performance. Thus, literature has pointed out towards an innovation in bringing the concept of CSP to better explore its impact upon corporate financial performance (CFP). In todays world, for a firm to achieve a good and high level of CFP, it has to go beyond the limits of its own corporate strategies and adopt views of other stakeholders who may be directly or indirectly related to the company. Since over the three decades, the study of the correlation between CSP and CFP has gained much salience. Many studies conducted in this effect have yielded positive correlation, while others produced contradictory results with negative or non-significant different causal directions being found. In effect, there are several competing theoretical models which are proposed to explain three varying findings on the CSP-CFP link. Owing to these differing relationships, I.Y. Maroam (2006) proposes a unified theory of the CSP-CFP link that explain the different relationships that may be observed between CSR and CFP, thus basing itself on the parallels between the business and CSR domains. The concept of CSR instils in corporations the moral responsibility towards society that go beyond the goal of simply making profits for their owners and shareholders (Berman et al., 1999). As Freeman (1984) rightly pointed out that corporations should be socially responsible for both moral and practical (instrumental) reasons, by reflecting a socially responsible posture, a corporation can enhance its own performance. Thus, CSR activities can, inter-alia, be rewarded with more satisfied customers, better employee, improved reputation, and improved access to financial markets, all pertaining to improving financial performance and sustaining the business. However, social accomplishments may equally involve certain financial costs which can effectively reduce profits and comparative performance. Hence, Vance (1975) came up with the trade-off hypothesis to show negative linkage between CSP and CFP whereby corporations displaying strong social credentials experience declining stock price s relative to the market average. 2.2.3 CSP as a Business Strategy So far, it is clear that CSP can be used as a business strategy which can contribute to the competitive advantage of firms. A study by N. A. Dentchey (2004) on the effects of CSP on the competitiveness of organisations reveals that CSP should not be thought as an innocent adventure for executives. It is rather a strategy for achieving corporate strategies, which if not warily implemented, may harm the firms competitive advantage. Competitive advantage, as seen by Porter (1996), denotes the ability of a company to outperform others from successful differentiation from rivals actions. This strategic fit between the outside environment and companies internal resources and capabilities (Hoskissoon et al., 1999) results in superior financial results, as indicated by various measures of profitability. Hence, as per Burke and Logsdon (1996), a strategic implementation of social responsibility benefits all by resulting in strategic outcomes such as customer loyalty, future purchases, new products, new markets and productivity gains. Arguably, CSP can be a source of competitive disadvantage for firms which regard CSP as an additional cost. Business contributions to social prosperity (CSP) are seen by Keim (1978, p.33) as an investment in public good which is consumed or enjoyed by a number of individuals disregarding the cost sharing. Thus, investing in CSP is likely to bear negative effects for the firms which are in curring costs that might otherwise be avoided or that should be borne by others, for example, individuals or government (Aupperle et al., 1985). 2.2.4 CSP, CFP and the Stakeholder Theory Following the above arguments, a new perspective of CSP, based on the stakeholder analysis, emerges to argue furthermore that there exists a positive relationship between CSP and CFP. As such, S.A. Waddock and S.B. Graves (1997) propose that a tension exists between the firms explicit costs (for instance, payments to bondholders) and its implicit costs to other stakeholders (for example, product quality costs, and environmental costs). Hence, a firm which tries to outweigh its explicit costs by increasing its socially responsible actions incurs higher implicit costs, resulting in competitive advantage. Thus, high levels of CSP are seen as indicators of superior management by Alexander and Buchholz (1982) which lead to lower explicit costs and enhanced financial performance. The stakeholder theory accompanies the concept of CSR by shedding more light on the issue of social responsibility. This theory is spread over three aspects (Donaldson and Preston, 1995) namely, descriptive, instrumental and normative. While the descriptive aspect describes and explains the theory, the instrumental aspect discloses the cause-effect relationships between stakeholder management practices and improving corporate performance. The normative aspect, on the other hand, as perceived by I.Y. Maroam (2006) emphasizes on the moral imperatives for practising stakeholder management, rather than the business benefits it may provide. A parallelism between the core business domain and the CSR domain will maximise a firms profitability. The stakeholder theory provides a framework for investigating the relationship between CSP and CFP by examining how a change in CSP is related to a change in financial accounting measures. In fact, the two concepts of CSR and stakeholder share the proposition that social responsibility affects financial performance in some way or other. This subject area has been so vastly explored that this trend is now seen as a natural progression which goes associatively with developments in the industrial and business world. There is an increasing concern and emphasize on humanity, environmental preservation and enlightened social consciousness. Thus, a new area of research began to pave its way within the field of business and society where the relationship between corporate social conduct, both toward the corporations stakeholders and the wider society, and the corporations financial performance was and is still being investigated across several countries. Over environmental issues, research h as revealed that businesses which are eco-friendly and demonstrate good CSR practices enjoy increased consumer purchase preference (Gildea, 1994; Zaman, 1996) and good economic performance (Al-Tuwaijiri, et al., 2004). A stakeholder group, as identified and defined by Freeman (1984), is one that that can affect or is affected by achievement of the organisations objectives, that is, which can be harmed as well as can help it to achieve its goals. Therefore, there is a growing need for firms to address the needs and expectations of the stakeholders to avoid negative outcomes and produce positive outcomes for themselves (Donaldson and Preston, 1995; Freeman, 1984; Frooman, 1997). Pursuant to the stakeholder theory perspective, CSP can be assessed in terms of a company meeting the demands of multiple stakeholders, ranging from cost minimisation to societal maximisation. Building on the previous mentioned definition of CSP, Wood and Jones (1995) propose that stakeholder theory is the key to understanding the structure and dimensions of the firms societal relationships thereby assuming that firms are responsible for honouring all the implicit and explicit contracts they hold with their various constituen ts. Therefore, the stakeholder theory provides a system-based perspective of the organisation and its stakeholders where it acknowledges the dynamic and complex nature of the interplay between them. The various stakeholders of the firms, such as the employees, shareholders, financers, environmentalists, government, communities, customers and even competitors should be convinced by the management that it is working harder to satisfy them. The more important the stakeholders to the firm, the more effort the firm needs to put to uphold its relationship with the former. According to Clarkson, Donaldson and Preston et al. (1995), the stakeholder theory must place shareholders as one of the multiple stakeholder groups which managers should consider in their decision-making process. However, like the shareholders, the other stakeholders may have a say upon the firm, bestowing societal legitimacy. Notably, Bernadette M. Ruf et al. (2001) asserted that firms must address these non-shareholder gro ups demands otherwise they might face negative confrontations which can ultimately result in diminished shareholder value, through boycotts, lawsuits, protests and so on. Hence, firms have a fiduciary duty relationship not only to the shareholders, but to all stakeholders (Hasnas, 1998, p.32). So far, recognising a companys contractual relationship with the various stakeholders has been instrumental in better comprehending the relationship that CSP and CFP share. Stakeholders have expectations from the organisation. Nevertheless, these expectations may conflict with the firms limited resources leading the firm to evaluate its costs and benefits tradeoffs. Firms must thus come with measures representative of the various factors of CSP and stakeholders interests. Unlike neo-classical stockholders who were only interested in financial performance (Grouf, 1994; Shapiro, 1992), the major stakeholders of today, that is, the stockholders are more interested in the firms current and future financial benefits and social performance. 2.3 Empirical Review This section reviews the works done and methods used by researchers on the relationship of CFP and CSP. Empirical results on the latters correlation are mixed whereby some yielded in positive, some in negative and some in non-significant relationships. Basing on the stakeholder theory approach, several models on the CFP-CSP relationship have been proposed, where the largest number of investigations found a positive CSP-CFP linkage. Notably, different methods to compute indexes for CFP and CSP have been used since data on both cannot be possibly obtained in absolute figures. As such, using aggregated weights assigned to K dimensions of social performance obtained through questionnaire for CSP and using change in return on equity (ROE), change in return on sales (ROS) and growth in sales as financial measures on a sample of 496 firms, Bernadette M. Ruf et al. (2001) came up with a positive relationship between CSP and CFP. They, in fact, regressed change in CSP on change in CFP. The results revealed a significant positive relationship between change in CSP and change in ROE and change in ROS in the long term but that with growth in sales was significantly positive only in year 0 and 1. The study suggests that improvements in CSP have both immediate and continuing financial impacts. The authors have furthermore suggested that since many financial performance measures follow a random walk or mean reversion  [1]  , it is important to use lead/lag studies to establish a causal sequence of CSP and CFP. Concerning time period, one year may be short in strat egic terms and could well be distorted by rogue figures, hence, it suggested to take two or five years data in analyses. A paper by S. A. Waddock and S. B. Graves (1997) also found positive linkage between CFP and CSP. An index for CSP was computed using eight attributes relating to shareholder concerns and were rated consistently across the entire Standards Poors 500 by a rating service. The firms profitability was measured using three accounting variables, namely, return on assets (ROA), ROE and ROS used to assess CFP by the investment community. Factors such as size, risk and industry which affect both CFP and CSP were taken as control variables. Used on a sample of 469 companies and using CSP as both dependent and independent variable, the results revealed that CFP does depend on CSP and vice-versa and also indicated the importance of controlling for industry in assessing such a relationship. Size has been suggested in previous studies, like that of Ullman (1985), to be a factor which affects both CFP and CSP. Size remains a relevant variable because there had been evidence that smaller firms may not demonstrate the same obvious socially responsible behaviours as larger firms. Authors like Pinkston and Carroll (1993), for instance, investigated the extent social responsibility orientations, organisational stakeholders, and social issues can differ among firms of differing sizes. P. A. Stanwick and S. D. Stanwick (1998), on the other hand, found a significant positive association between size (annual sales) and CFP at the 10% level for three of the six years of their study. Firm size is particularly the scale of operations in an organisation (Price and Mueller (1986, p. 233)). Previous literature has indicated a need to control not only for industry, and size (Ullman, 1985; Waddock and Graves, 1997), but also for risk (McWilliams and Siegel, 2000) to render research results more complete. The argument to use risk as a control variable is supported by the fact that the degree of risk is seen as the other important component of firm performance assumed by a firm in order to achieve a given level of financial performance as stated by Bettis and Hall (1982). Baird and Thomas (1985) also advocated risk as being both as a strategic variable (firms choose a given level of risk) and as an outcome variable (strategic choices lead to a level of risk) which ultimately leads to improved financial performance. As such, M. Brine, R. Brown and G. Hackett (2004) used risk alongside size as control variables to assess financial performance of 277 companies. Their preliminary results stated that the adoption of CSR does lead to increases in turnover and also an increase in equity, which in turn improve the CFP level. To bring more integrity, M. Orlitzky et al. (2003) conducted a quantitative meta-analysis on the CFP-CSP relationship building on the hypothesis that CSP and CFP are generally positively related leading to competencies, learning, efficiency and reputation-building with its external stakeholders. Taking CFP as a companys financial viability through three broad subdivisions consisting of market-based (investor returns), accounting-based (accounting returns), and perceptual (survey) measures and constructing CSP through four broad measurement strategies, namely: (a) CSP disclosures (annual reports, letters to shareholders); (b) CSP reputation ratings; (c) social audits, CSP processes, and observable outcomes; and (d) managerial CSP principles and values (Post, 1991), the study suggests that corporate virtue in the form of social responsibility and, to a lesser extent, environmental responsibility can pay off, despite the CSP-CFP operationalisations can also moderate the positive associa tion. CSP appeared to be more highly correlated with accounting-based measures of CFP than with market-based indicators, and CSP reputation indices were more highly correlated with CFP than are other indicators. According to Mahoney L. and Roberts R.W. (2007), there is no significant relationship between a composite measure of firms CSP and CFP. Using four years panel data of Canadian firms, they calculated a composite measure of CSP score by summing all dimension strength ratings, such as, community relations, diversity, employee relations, environment, international, product safety, and amongst others and subtracting all dimension weaknesses ratings. Following Waddock and Graves (1997a), ROA and ROE were used separately to measure a firms CFP. As CFP was expected to be positively related to CSP, a one-year lag between CFP and all independent variables (CSP, firm size, debt level, and industry) was used. Inconsistent with their expectation, they found no significant relationship between the composite CSP measure and either ROA or ROE. However, the use of individual measures of firms CSP regarding environmental and international activities and CFP resulted in a significant relationship provi ding mixed support for the business case for CSP. A study, using the Granger causality approach, by Rim Makni et al. (2008) reaffirms Mahoney and Roberts (2007) works on the non-significant relationship. However, there may also be a simultaneous and interactive negative relation between CSP and CFP, forming a vicious circle.